General characteristics of living systems
The history of the earth and origin of life on earth. Living systems, their origin and evolution. An individual and a species. Features of organisms, their dependence on the environment, taxonomy. Evolution, Darwinism.
Structure of living systems
Chemical composition of living systems. Non-cellular forms of living systems. The cell – basic unit of living systems. Prokaryotic cell, eukaryotic cell. Cellular metabolism. Cell division. Chromosomes, gene expression, DNA replication. Chemical composition of cells, cellular organelles. Unicellular organisms. Multicellular organisms, metabolism, control of processes in organisms, reproduction. Vital functions and individual development of organisms (viruses, bacteria, unicellular organisms, fungi, plants, animals). Animal colonies and societies (“individuals of higher order”).
Genetics
Molecular and cytologic basis of inheritance. Recombination and mutation. Mendelism, heredity in multicellular organisms. Basic population genetics.
Zoology
Animal metabolism, body temperature. Gas exchange between animals and environment, circulation of internal fluids, excretion. Hormonal and neural regulation. Senses. Locomotion. Ontogeny. Classification and phylogeny of invertebrates and vertebrates. Ethology, geographic distribution of animals.
Protozoans (Protozoa). Origins of multicellularity. Sponges (Porifera), cnidarians (Cnidaria), ctenophores (Ctenophora), flatworms (Platyhelminthes), nematodes (Nematoda), rotifers (Rotifera), molluscs (Mollusca), annelids (Annelida), arthropods (Arthropoda), echinoderms (Echinodermata), chordates (Chordata).
Human biology
Human evolution. Skeletal, muscular, circulatory (including blood), respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive, integumentary, sensory, regulatory systems. Ontogeny. Health and disease.
Botany
Structure of plant cell, tissues, vital functions and individual development of plants. Nutrition and respiration in plants. Plant movements. Lower plants, higher plants, fungi.
Ecology
Organisms and environment, populations, biological communities, ecosystems. Ecological niche.
Abiotic and biotic components of environment. Trophic (food) ecology. Environmental care. Nature conservation. Domestication and breeding of laboratory animals.
1) Basics of chemical nomenclature
- Inorganic compounds
- Organic compounds
2) Basics of inorganic chemistry
- Atoms: structure, orbitals and quantum numbers
- Chemical bonds – covalent, ionic, coordination
3) Chemical reactions
- Basic concepts of stoichiometry
- Chemical equation writing
- Chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants
- Sorts of chemical reactions (redox, substitution, decomposition, partner-exchange etc.)
- Reaction rates
- Solutions
- Strong and weak electrolytes
- Ion product constant of water
- pH
4) Periodic system
- Features of elements in context to their position in the periodic system
- Properties, behaviour, important reactions and compounds of
- Non-metals (namely Halogens, H, C, Si, N, P,O,S),
- s-Block metals (namely Alkali Metals and Alkaline Earth Metals),
- p-Bloc metals (namely Group III metals)
- d-Block Elements
1) Basics of organic chemistry
- Carbon and its hybridisation states in organic substances
- Important kinds of organic reactions
- Properties of organic compounds, functional groups
- Basics of isomerism in organic chemistry
2) Hydrocarbons
- saturated, unsaturated, aromatic
3) Halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons
4) Alcohols
5) Phenols
6) Ethers
7) Aldehydes and Ketones
8) Carboxylic acids and their derivatives
9) Biologically important groups of organic compounds (basic structures, reactions and properties)
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
